The Future Of Alternative Energy - 1583 Words

Alternative energy is defined as â€Å"energy generated in ways that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment, especially by avoiding the use of fossil fuels and nuclear power.† It is one of the most commonly debated topics of this century. We are now coming to a time where energy can be created without harming the environment. There are many examples of ways we can get energy without harming the environment. Ways such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass electricity, hydroelectric energy and ocean energy, and geothermal energy. There are many pros and cons to alternative energy. Although it can take years for it to be something that the world can rely on, as a whole, altogether we can do it. Elon Musk, the creator of PayPal, SpaceX, and Tesla, is one of the revolutionary people who will change energy as we know it. Elon Musk is a main supporter of solar energy, and he is creating ways to harvest the suns energy. As of 2016, Elon Musk has created a solar panel that acts as roof shingles. That way the energy that the sun gives off, can be stored and used for later. Musk also points out that solar energy is the most abundant energy. He says that the world without solar energy would be a frozen ice ball at about four degrees about absolute zero. Musk describes how if everyone has solar panels, that the world could go back to they way it is. The question is, how affordable is it? The biggest con of this type of energy is the price. The second type of energy thatShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy for Future1679 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative Energy for Future Nowadays the most common energy resources come from Fossil Fuel, which according to research it shows that more of 85% of all energy that is consumed in the United States. 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Main Issues In Combined Freight Transportation Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(114) " responsible for the organisation of rail or flatboat conveyance \( Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al\." The chief issues in combined freight transit can be classified into six chief classs as shown in Figure 1. These classs include histrions and cardinal participants, operations, ordinances and policies, substructure, Information and Communication Technology, and environmental issues. Figure: Main classs of combined conveyance Actors and cardinal participants could be categorized by the type of operator and the operational jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Main Issues In Combined Freight Transportation Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The assorted undertakings along the transit concatenation are largely executed by four operators that could be distinguished in drayage, terminus, web, and intermodal operator ( Moccia et al. , 2008 ) . The undermentioned subdivisions give some farther information about each of them. Drayage Operator Drayage operators are responsible for transporting the cargo between shippers and consignees severally and within the terminus ( Puettmann and Stadtler, 2010 ; Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al. , 2008 ) . Normally they are send oning companies that receive petitions for conveyance and make all the necessary agreements to transport the burden from its beginning to its finish. Rail terminuss, port installations and shipper/third party installations comprise the drayage location. In each drayage location there are many independent drayage operators who compete with one another to supply drayage services utilizing their ain assets ( i.e. forces, tractors, dawdlers, human body and containers, whether borrowed, owned or rented ) or frequently sub-contracting with many independent owner-operators ( Nadan, 2003 ) . The bulk of drayage operators are close ports. At the port there is a high volume of containers ‘ reachings. When a container arrives at the port, the latter can be delivered to its finish by train or truck. Some of those containers are transported by rail to nearby rail paces for long-haul bringing by train. But the bulk of the containers is hauled by short-haul truck, called drayage, and is less than 100 kilometres ( Robert and Poole, 2007 ) . A drayage operator picks up an empty dawdler or container either at an empty terminal, at a terminus or at a consignee. Then the operator provides it to the shipper and the subsequent transit of a full dawdler or container to the terminus. Delivery operation involves the distribution of a full container or dawdler from the terminus to a consignee. Then it collects the empty container or dawdler and transports it to the terminus, an empty terminal, or the shipper. Trucks are able to divide the tractor and dawdler which allows two processs. In the â€Å" stay-with † process the tractor and the driver stay with the container/trailer during the loading/unloading. In the â€Å" drop-and-pick † process a full or empty trailer/container is dropped off the shipper/receiver. During loading/unloading continuance the tractor and driver are free to transport out other activities. Each drayage company faces jobs such as trip programming between shipper, terminuss and receiving system ( Wang and Regan, 2002 ; Imai et al. , 2007 ) . This job could be enlarged from the terminus demands, client ‘s pick-up and bringing times, realistic bounds on the length of the on the job twenty-four hours, and on-road travel times. The bulk of the cargos normally are known in progress. Nevertheless, sometimes tonss have to be reassigned due to traffic or some terminuss ‘ holds. But the general job of drayage operations is its cost effectivity. In malice of the comparatively short distance alternatively of long-haul rail or flatboat, drayage histories for 25-40 % ( Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ) of transit concatenation disbursals. As a effect it affects a batch the profitableness of the whole transit service. For work outing this job a drayage operator should make up one’s mind to collaborate with other drayage companies without impacting though the seasonableness of operations. Terminal Operator Terminal operator manages the modal displacement which take topographic points at the terminus and is responsible for the transshipment operations from flatboat to thrust ahead, route to inveigh or thrust ahead, or rail to inveigh ( Puettmann and Stadtler, 2010 ; Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al. , 2008 ) . Normally a terminal consists of a route, rail, and flatboat gate where trucks, trains, or flatboats severally enter and leave the terminus. There is a storage country for hive awaying the tonss for more than a twenty-four hours and the buffer country ( cross-docking ) , which is for short continuance storage. There is besides storage and conveyance equipment and lifting equipment for lading or droping the trains, trucks, and flatboats. Different operations have to be carried out for different types of burden units i.e. containers, swap-bodies, dawdlers or complete trucks. It is besides of import to advert that the operations are non the same for every manner of conveyance. In add-on, the equipment which is used has to be suited and cater to the demands of the burden units. Terminals can use different transshipments techniques, layouts, dimensions, operational schemes etc. An optimum operation terminus is the basic end for the terminus operator. That depends on the demand volume and the type of the exchange i.e. road-barge, road-rail, or rarely rail-rail or barge-barge or rail-barge. Exchange increases the entire conveyance cost and the lead clip in concatenation. Consequently, exchange operations need to be efficient and fast. Terminal operators have to do strategic, tactical, or operational determinations to run into the demands. At strategic degree terminus operator takes attention of the design of the terminus ( Ferreira and Sigut, 1995 ; Meyer, 1998 ; Rizzoli et al. , 2002 ; Ballis and Golias, 2004 ; Bontekoning, 2006 ; Vis, 2006 ; Rijsenbrij and Wieschemann, 2011 ) . At the tactical degree terminus operators take determinations about the needed capacity degrees of equipment and labor ( Kemper and Fischer, 2000 ; Kozan, 2000 ; Kulick and Sawyer, 2001 ; Huynh 2005 ) and the redesign of the operational modus operandis and layout constructions ( Voges et al. , 1994 ; MartA ±nez et al. , 2004 ) . Finally terminus operator has to make up one’s mind at operational degree for resource allotment ( John Hargreaves, 1990 ) and scheduling of occupations ( Alic ke, 2002 ; Corry and Kozan, 2006 ; Gambardella et al. , 2001 ) . Network Operator Network operator takes attention of the substructure planning ( strategic degree ) and long-haul transit ( Puettmann and Stadtler, 2010 ) . He is responsible for the organisation of rail or flatboat conveyance ( Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al. You read "Main Issues In Combined Freight Transportation Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" , 2008 ) . At tactical degree has to take determinations about agendas of service and pricing services and about day-to-day operations of the services at operational degree. Infrastructure determinations trade with the interconnectivity of the manners in order to accomplish combined conveyance ironss ( Crainic et al. , 1990 ; Loureiro, 1994 ; Southworth and Peterson, 2000 ; Klodzinski and Al-Deek, 2004 ; Tan et al. , 2004 ; Groothedde et al. , 2005 ; Parola and Sciomachen, 2005 ) and besides the location of terminuss ( Meinert et al. , 1998 ; Rutten, 1998 ; Arnold and Thomas, 1999 ; Groothedde and Tavasszy, 1999 ; Macharis and Verbeke, 1999 ; Van Duin and Van Ham, 2001 ; Arnold et al. , 2004 ; Macharis, 2004 ; Racunica and Wynter, 2005 ; Kapros et al. , 2005 ; Limbourg and Jourquin, 2008 ; Soerensen et al. , 2011 ) . In some states authorities normally take these determinations and considers for the impact of a capacity addition and the effects of price/cost additions or lessenings on the usage of the different substructure webs. On the other manus, private sector hunts for the optimum location of terminuss and the authorities supports the most interesti ng investings. At tactical degree a web operator, foremost, has to find what sort of services itwill offer. Ithas to alter the attack of long draw conveyance services from travel on demand to a fix service agenda which has to be planned several months or a twelvemonth in progress. For accomplishing this end the operator has to make up one’s mind what consolidation web to utilize i.e. a point-to-point web, a line web, a hub-and-spoke web and a trunk-collection-and-distribution web ( Janic et al. , 1999 ; Newman and Yano, 2000a ; Newman and Yano, 2000b ) . A 2nd tactical determination for a web operator is the type of production theoretical account, that is, how to run the trains and the flatboats. This involves determinations about the frequence of service, train length, capacity planning of equipment and allotment of equipment to paths ( Nozick and Morlok, 1997 ; Choong et al. , 2002 ; Lin and Chen, 2004 ; Li and Tayur, 2005 ) . In add-on, pricing scheme determinations has to be considered a t this degree. Pricing a combined conveyance merchandise is a truly complicated issue. It requires an accurate cost computation and penetration in the market state of affairs as many histrions are related to the assorted parts of the combined conveyance concatenation ( Tsai et al. , 1994 ; Yan et al. , 1995 ; Li and Tayur, 2005 ) . Finally, at the operational degree, web operator has to take daily direction determinations. Mostly it has to pull off the fleet as the burden order of the flatboats and trains ( Feo and Gonzalez-Velarde, 1995 ; Powell and Carvalho, 1998 ) , redistribution of railway cars or push flatboats ( Chih and new wave Dyke, 1987 ; Chih et al. , 1990 ) , and the burden units. A typical job in combined road/rail conveyance is the assignment of a set of dawdlers and containers to the available flatbeds that can travel this equipment. This job is rather complex as there are different types of flatbeds, and many types of dawdlers and containers. Intermodal Operator Intermodal operators are users of the intermodal substructure and services, and carry on the optimum path choice of cargos through the whole intermodal web ( Puettmann and Stadtler, 2010 ; Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al. , 2008 ) . Intermodal operators organize the transit of cargos on behalf of shippers. Intermodal operators buy the services offered by drayage, web, and terminal operators. At the operational degree they choose paths and services in bing intermodal webs ( Min, 1991 ; Barnhart and Ratliff, 1993 ; Boardman et al. , 1997 ; Ziliaskopoulos and Wardell, 2000 ; Erera et al. , 2005 ) . Taking such a determination is more complex than routing jobs of route draw. In route draw least dearly-won or less clip devouring path is more preferred. But in combined conveyance there is a big assortment of combinations of transit manners. So a average pick job has to take into history specific cargo volumes and specific clip restraints. Regulations A ; Policies The current policy of the European Commission requires that conveyance systems should be able to turn without serious negative impact on the environment, every bit good as on economic and societal costs. However, the sustainability of the European conveyance system faces some barriers such as: mutual exclusiveness of substructure, turning CO2 emanations from conveyance, dependance on fossil fuels, altering forms in mobility, low safety, lifting congestions, and charges and monetary values deformations ( REFERENCE ) . Incompatible substructure Europe consists of many states and as a consequence, the bulk of the bing substructure has been designed to function national instead than European economic system. This state of affairs created deficiency of comprehensive criterions on substructure design, traffic direction, power supplies and informations exchange. Since now more than 400 billion euros have been spent for developing Trans-European conveyance webs ( TEN-T ) ( REFERENCE ) . But still there are chief deficits in substructure as transalpine tunnels, rail corridors, intermodal nodes for rail and sea or air conveyance, and IT substructure to back up intermodal conveyance. Poor Trans-Europe substructure in combination with deficiency of international cooperation consequences to the undermentioned inefficiencies ( Impact Assessment, 2010 ) : Lack of joint traffic prognosiss taking to differing investing programs ; Disconnected or even contradictory timelines ; Lack of joint investings computation and joint fiscal constructions ; Incompatible proficient features ; Inadequate joint direction of cross-border substructure undertakings. For sustainable substructure programs there are some actions to be taken. The list below shows some of them. Joined investings programs Coordinated land planning Further development of TEN-T web Open criterions for information exchange systems Open criterions for design of substructure Turning Greenhouse Gas emanations Transport sector has greatly increased its activity for the last twosome decennaries now. The growing rate of GHG emanations in conveyance is higher than any other sector comparing to 1990. Harmonizing to the information of European Environment Agency in twelvemonth 2010, conveyance is accounted for 19.7 % of entire GHG emanations in EU-27, as it is shown in Figure 2.This growing of conveyance activities concerns for its environmental sustainability. The energy efficiency is increasing but the gait of betterments is non sufficient to make sustainable conveyance in Europe. Figure: GHG emanations by sector ( Source: EU statistical pocketbook 2012 ) The EU White Paper on Transport, ( 2011 ) refers that European committee has set specific ends. The first end of new conveyance policy is to maintain the conveyance turning and support mobility while accomplishing the end of 60 % GHG emanations decrease by 2050 comparing to 1990 degree. In order to accomplish this end the European Commission has defined ten ends for a competitory and resource efficient conveyance system which benchmarks for accomplishing the 60 % GHG emanation decrease mark ( see extensively in White Paper, 2011, pp. 9-11 ) . In general, actions that should be taken towards the rejuvenation of cargo conveyance are as follows: bing engineerings have to be replaced by green engineerings ; use of electric autos is preferred, phasing out â€Å" conventionally-fueled † vehicles from urban countries ; decrease of C in maritime and air power conveyance. Dependence on fossil fuels Conveyance is still 97 % dependant on fossil fuels ( REFERENCE ) . Since now Transport has non reduced significantly its GHG strength by exchanging to cleaner energy beginnings. European Union has adopted a adhering mark of a 10 % portion of renewable energy beginnings in conveyance by 2020 ( Directive, 2009 ) as portion of the clime alteration and energy bundle. Switching to greener vehicles will necessitate the development of alternate fuelling/charging substructure. Another of import action is concentrating on research in cost-efficient renewable fuels. The new green engineerings for green vehicles are important, so there is a demand for shorter design-to-market rhythms. Low safety One of the objects included in the EU White Paper ( 2001 ) , was to halve casualties in route conveyance by 2010. This end has non been achieved although different actions had been taken in many Member States. In air power sector was implemented a set of common, unvarying and compulsory statute law covering all the cardinal safety elements: airdrome care, airdrome direction, operations of air traffic direction systems. The most advanced regulative models for safety and pollution bar was established by EU in maritime sector. Another job is that European conveyance corridors are common for cargo and rider conveyance. This has caused many accidents with a consequence of over 40000 accident human deaths until 2000 ( White Paper, 2001 ) . For cut downing the sum of human deaths, EU has to take some steps i.e. dividing lading and rider corridors. Signing systems has besides to be improved and new vehicles safety systems to be implemented. Rising congestion Road conveyance is the chief manner for goods motion. Harmonizing to the European Commission the portion of route conveyance is 73 % , somewhat decreased by 3.9 % from 2009 ( Road Freight Transport Vademecum, 2010 ) . At the same clip the portion of rail is merely 17 % with inland waterways and oil grapevines accounting for 5 % each ( Road Freight Transport Vademecum, 2009 ) .The congestion in urban countries and on the cardinal theodolite roads works as a barrier for the current capacity of conveyance webs run intoing the turning demand. The dependability of route conveyance suffers and the clip length of journeys is acquiring longer. Besides some airdromes are really engorged. For work outing this job, European Commission published the 2001 White Paper on European Conveyance Policy. The thought was to cut down that congestion by switching from route onto rail, waterways or short-sea transportation. In add-on, great accent is given on the usage of intermodal conveyance. Furthermore, harmonizing to the EU statistical pocketbook ( 2012 ) , route conveyance is the less environment friendly mode as it causes 71.7 % of entire GHG emanations. For that ground route conveyance has to go greener and more efficient excessively. New vehicle engineerings, better substructure, fuel efficiency and â€Å" eco-driving † are needed. There is a demand of assisting solution for take downing the congestion by intelligent mobility and conveyance demand direction. There is still a deficiency of concerted systems based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure-communications that might in the longer term better well the efficiency of the traffic direction and relieve congestion ( Golinska and Hajdul, 2012 ) . In order to avoid addition in aviation congestion high-velocity rail should absorb much medium distance traffic. Another action is to increase the denseness of rail webs and make efficient and green cargo corridors. There is besides a demand for development of intermodal hubs and intermodal integrating of conveyance services. Mobility forms The advancement in traveling traffic from route conveyance to other manners is still really limited. European Commission has tried a batch to convert companies to alter their organisation of logistics procedures and take into history when be aftering the impact of environment and society, but the consequences were negative. Entrepreneurs largely concern about the fiscal consequences and if there is non a strong statement of betterment, they are non interested in utilizing options to route conveyance manners. Therefore, it is deserving to observe that the pick of manners of conveyance straight affects some factors such as monetary value, the susceptibleness of the lading and the features of conveyance manners. Furthermore, sometime is impossible to utilize rail, inland waterway or intermodal conveyance. For work outing the above jobs, there is a demand for incorporate logistics systems which should be monitored enabling the co-modality, standardisation and interoperability across manners. Furthermore, a platform has to be created for linking the airdromes and ports with efficient rail services. Another action is the constitution of the model for European multimodal conveyance information, direction and payment system attractive frequences and comfort. Smart intermodal fining, with common EU criterions is another solution ( Golinska and Hajdul, 2012 ) . Monetary values and revenue enhancements deformations The distinction of monetary values for the usage of route in extremum and off-peak hours is really rarely. There is besides deficiency of inducements for use of more soundless vehicles, safer and more environment friendly manners of conveyance. Furthermore the congestion charges, which represent the cost of substructure scarceness, are non frequently imposed. On the other manus, conveyance system generates grosss for public budget including: Energy revenue enhancements ( 1.9 % of GDP ) coming from fuel revenue enhancements on route conveyance and private autos ( Eurostat, 2008 ) ; Vehicle revenue enhancements ( 0.6 % of GDP ) ; Tolls and charges for substructure usage. Although users pay a important sum, the monetary value frequently bears small connexion to the existent costs of conveyance in society. The rule â€Å" defiler wages † is non ever respected. The costs imposed on conveyance users do non reflect disbursals to keep and develop the substructure. Furthermore, the pricing system fails to maneuver the demand for most efficient and sustainable mobility picks. Therefore monetary values and revenue enhancements should be connected with sustainability. Local authoritiess have to self-finance the development and care of substructure giving besides incentives for local companies for use of intermodal conveyance. They besides have to follow purely the rules of â€Å" user wages † and â€Å" defiler wages † and extinguish the harmful subsidies. In add-on there is a demand of a regulative model and advanced fiscal instruments for unlocking the potency of private sector in co-financing substructure ‘s deployment and cares within public-private partnership ( PPP ) undertakings. Infrastructure Transport substructure is a cardinal component for the economic growing and development and it plays a cardinal function to increase the growing and occupations in Europe. An efficient substructure which warrants handiness could pull centres of production and ingestion and therefore impacts positively on the regional economic system. More efficient substructures enable a better mobility for people and goods every bit good as a better connexion between parts. In add-on, planning, design and building of substructures have remained mostly unchanged over the last century ; therefore attending has to set besides on the research of new building stuffs processes with the purpose to introduce the sector. Research has to be concentrated on processs and stuffs that minimize nursery gas emanations, on design and planning that respect landscape and geographical diverseness whilst lending to decongestion major conveyance corridors, and on techniques that will guarantee longer life and reduces care intercessions. Road substructure European Union has made great attempts to advance multimodality but route conveyance has still a turning tendency. For this ground there is an immediate necessity to increase route capacity and efficiency. Roads must be able to absorb the ongoing and increasing flow of vehicles and guarantee at the same clip an equal degree of safety. Such public presentations must be developed in largest portion on bing webs. Therefore non merely new building methods, but besides sustainable care of the bing web is paramount. Care of route substructure deserves a particular attending for two chief grounds. First, many accidents ( e.g. rollovers of HV or skidding of vehicles in general ) have caused due to the hapless status of route substructure. Second, care plants hinder and disrupt the bringing ‘s free flow therefore increasing their costs. For avoiding these two scenarios, more effectual and lasting care techniques are needed i.e. safe and efficient night-time operations. Furthermore, there is a demand for more fluid traffic flow to cut down vehicles emanations, as transit sectors accounts the biggest per centum of CO2 emanations ( Laura, V, 2008 ) . Some of the most of import roads are included in the Trans-European route web. It includes more than 65.100 kilometer expresswaies and 5.000.000 kilometers paved roads ( Steer Davies Gleave, 2009 ) , whether bing, new or to be adapted which: Play an of import function in long-distance traffic Bypass the chief urban centres on the routed identified by the web Provide interconnectedness with other manners of conveyance Link landlocked and peripheral parts of the Union Beyond these, this web guarantees users a high, unvarying and uninterrupted degree of services, comfort and safety ( Bergmans, L, 2009 ) . Sea and river ports Harmonizing to ( CIA, 2011 ) in European Union there are 24 oversea ports. The most of import one is the Port of Rotterdam which is the largest one and located in the metropolis of Rotterdam. Such havens can function at their quayside deep-sea vass with a loading capacity of more than 8.000 container units ( TEU ) . Smaller regional ports are linked with the oversea ports by Feeder vass which have capacity up to 1.200 TEU. Inland flatboats are used to transport containers into the backwoods on rivers and channels and they are besides served by Cranes. Ports can be divided into two subdivisions: riders and lading. The latter one normally offers terminal installations. Such terminuss consist of two external interfaces. These interfaces are the quayside with burden and unloading of ships, and the landside where the containers are loaded and unloaded on/off trucks and trains. When a container vas arrives at the port, it is assigned to a position equipped with Cranes to lade and unload containers. At the instance of RoRo vass, trucks with their lading issue from the inclines. Unloaded import containers are transported to yard places near to put where they will be transshipped following. Containers geting by railroad or route are managing within the truck and train operation country ( Steenken et al. , 2004 ) . Seaport terminal.jpg Figure: Container terminus system ( Beginning: Steeken et al. , 2004 ) At every port terminus there is managing equipment such as Cranes, conveyance agencies and helping systems. The quay Cranes for lading and droping ships play a polar function. There are two types of quay Cranes: single-trolley Cranes and dual-trolley Cranes. Crane drivers are supported by a semi-automatic guidance system. These Cranes can function around 50 boxes per hr, while in operation the public presentation is about 25 boxes per hr. A 2nd class of Cranes is applied to tonss. There are either rail mounted gauntry Cranes ( RMG ) which are more stable, or rubber tired gauntries ( RTG ) which are more flexible, and over-head span Cranes which are mounted on concrete or tip pillars. At port terminuss there is besides a assortment of vehicles for the horizontal transit both for the ship-to-shore transit and the landside operation. The first category of vehicles is these which are non able to raise containers i.e. trucks with dawdlers, multi- dawdlers and automatic guided ( AGV ) ( Vis and Harika, 2004, Yang et al. , 2004 ) . Transport vehicles of the 2nd category are those which are able to raise containers i.e. Straddle bearers, forklifts, and range stackers. The first 1 is the most of import because it can besides stack containers in the pace. Last but non least are the helping systems which help for the organisation and optimisation of the work flow. Such systems are communication systems and positioning systems. Terminal operators support a really frequent communicating with external parties like agents, transporting lines, truck and rail companies, forwarders, governmental governments like imposts, waterway constabulary and others. The communicating is based on international criterions ( EDIFACT ) and every alteration of lading position is communicated between the several parties ( Steeken et al. , 2004 ) . Rail substructure Harmonizing to ( Steer Davies Gleave, 2009 ) in TEN-T web there are more than 212.000 kilometer of rail lines, out of which about 110.500 kilometers are electrified and the cargo conveyance trains could make a length up to 750 m. There are besides many road-rail container terminuss which support this web. Such terminuss include: Gates, internal route web, Loading and driving lanes for the trucks, Storage or buffer lanes for IntermodalTransportUnits, Transshipment paths ( besides called as burden paths ) for the train loading/unloading operations, and Rail turnouts for train/wagon storage, marshalling and review The equipment which seems to rule among conventional equipment is reach stackers and rail-borne gauntry Cranes. On little terminuss reach stacker is the major mean for raising, managing, transporting, and stacking ITUs. This is due to the low cost and flexibleness that offers ( Ballis and Golias, 2001 ) . Unlike rider terminuss, rail cargo paces do non hold to be so centrally located because of the great trade of infinite for multiple paths for marshaling. Rail paces, could pull fabricating activities able to utilize distribution capablenesss of rail, and therefore go industrial zones. In add-on, rail cargo terminuss perform four major maps ( Rodrigue et al, 2009 ) : Majority: These rail terminuss are linked with extractive industries such as agribusiness, excavation and wood merchandises. Grain lifts are normally used to hive away, blend, and burden grain into railway cars. Roll on/ Roll off: Vehicles are rolled in a railway car utilizing a incline. This operation requires a big sum of parking vehicles. Intermodal: The map of burden and droping unitized cargo from railway cars demands specific intermodal equipment. Shunting: The map of piecing, screening and breakage of cargo trains. Trains can be composed of up to about 100 railway cars. The major job of cargo conveyance in European Union are the obstructions its faces on cross-border traffic. For case, the most dramatic grounds of such barriers is different path gages, electricity supply and the signaling systems. The deployment of ERTMS, the European signaling system, is come oning easy ; so far, merely discontinued subdivisions of lines are equipped, and engines still need to be to boot equipped with national systems. Furthermore, the length of trains is non harmonized across Europe. Another job is the deficiency of efficient and effectual intermodal terminuss, different service degrees across manners, deficiency of criterions, and losing substructure links, particularly across boundary lines ( Impact Assessment, 2010 ) . Freight Village In international bibliography, the term â€Å" nodal centre † or â€Å" freight nodal terminus † is encountered with assorted names: â€Å" Cargo Villages † ( United Kingdom ) , â€Å" Platformes Multimodales/Logistiques † ( France ) , â€Å" Logistics Park, Interporto † ( Italy ) , â€Å" Gueterverkehrszentren † ( Germany ) ( Tsamboulas and Dimitropoulos, 1999 ) . The first cargo small towns were created in France around 1960 and subsequently appeared besides in Italy and Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom ( Kapros et. al. , 2005 ) . A freight small town is the hub of a specific country where all the activities associating to transport, logistics and goods distribution – both for national and international theodolite – are carried out, on a commercial footing, by assorted operators ( Ballis and Mavrotas, 2007, Pal otas, and Bazaras, 2004, Afandizadeh and Moayedfar, 2007 ) . It is noted that â€Å" intermodal † or â€Å" multimodal † terminuss constitute a chief constituent of nodal centres for goods where the transshipment of goods from one manner to the other takes topographic point. However, freight small towns reflect to a modern manner of forming logistics, conveyance and goods distribution activities. Normally provides subsidiary installations such as warehouses, distribution centres, storage countries, offices, truck services, bank, postal, insurance services and in certain instances Customs substructures ( Europlatforms, 2004 ) . In add-on, a cargo small town located in the locality of a big metropolis may supply an efficient solution to urban conveyance jobs including traffic congestion, regional competiveness, and quality of life. The cost of land acquisition and cargo small town buildings every bit good as with distribution systems and operations of storage is high plenty. For this ground, such an investing has to take attention of all related facets that include site location choice, site-level layout planning and warehouse design facets. Warehouse and cross-docking countries Cross-docking services are chiefly used by many companies in different industries ( e.g. retail houses and less-than-truckload ( LTL ) logistics suppliers ) . The thought behind cross-docking is to reassign incoming cargos straight to surpassing vehicles without the procedure of storage between these two operations. The end of this service is to consolidate the cargos, to cut down the bringing lead clip and costs, etc. The function of cross-docking in industry even seems to increase ( Boysen and Fliender, 2010, Apte and Viswanathan, 2000, Saddle Creek Corp. , 2011 ) . Cross-docking can be describes as the procedure of consolidating cargo with the same finish ( but coming from several beginnings ) , with minimum handling and small or no storage between droping and burden of the goods ( Belle et al. , 2012 ) . The focal point on cross-docking services is now on the transshipping, non keeping cost. On the other manus, warehousing includes four major maps: receiving, hive awaying, picking, despatching. Storage and picking are the normally the most dearly-won. Storage is expensive due to the stock list handling costs and picking due to labour intensive. Goods can be stored for several yearss or even hebdomads, alternatively of approximately 24h as many writers say in cross-docking ( Bartholdi and Gue, 2004, Li et al. , 2004, Vahdani and Zandieh, 2010, Wen et al. , 2009 ) . But many organisations use a mixture of warehousing and cross-docking to unite the benefits of both attacks. A terminus which its chief installations are for cross-docking is called cross-dock. Most cross-docks are long, narrow rectangles ( I-shape ) , but other forms are besides used ( L, T, X, aˆÂ ¦ ) ( Bartholdi and Gue, 2004 ) . There is no particular substructure to present cargo, a ‘strip door ‘ where the cargo is unloaded, and a ‘stack door ‘ where the cargo is loaded on the outbound trucks. The advantages of a cross-dock ( Belle et al. , 2012 ) are the undermentioned: Cost decrease ( warehousing costs, stock list costs, managing costs, labour costs, transit costs ) ; Shorter bringing lead clip ( from provider to consignee ) ; Improved client service ; Faster stock list turnover ; Decrease of storage infinite ; Fewer overstocks ; Reduced hazard for loss and harm ; Consolidation cargos ; Improved resource use ( e.g. full truckloads ) ; Better lucifer between shipment measures and existent demand. The advantages make cross-docking an interesting logistic scheme that can give companies considerable competitory advantages. Environment Transport contributes significantly to general economic development. However, conveyance has negative influences on wellness and the environment, notably through air pollution, route traffic hurts, traffic noise, psychological and societal impacts, land usage and possibilities for physical activity ( WHO, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to ( UNECE/WHO Europe, 2004 ) , policy has besides focused on the function of conveyance on clime alteration. Air pollution The conveyance sector contributes about 25 per cent of the air pollution burden, most of it from vehicles. Air pollution is responsible for many symptoms and diseases. It leads to increased mortality ( premature deceases ) , increased admittances to hospital for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, increased frequence of respiratory symptoms and usage of medicine by people with asthma, and reduced lung map ( WHO Europe, 1995 ) . It besides reduces life anticipation. Ozone ( O3 ) , airborne particulate affair ( PM ) and lead ( Pb ) are the transport-related pollutants that pose most concerns, but sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , C monoxide ( CO ) , lead scavengers and assorted carcinogens are besides noteworthy. In EU states life anticipation is estimated that it is shortened by 8.6 months by air pollution ( UNECE/WHO Europe, 2009 ) and at 2000 about 350,000 lives lost due to exposure to air pollution ( WHO Europe, 2005 ) . WHO has set an air-quality guideline degree at 20 I?g/m3. However, harmonizing to ( ENHIS, 2007 ) exposure degrees to PM10 ( Particulate affairs with diameter less than 10 I?g ) varied from 13 to 14 I?g/m3 ( Finland, Ireland ) to 53 to 56 I?g/m3 ( Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia ) . The study of ( ENHIS, 2007 ) besides summarized that 89 % of people in European part are exposed to more than the WHO ‘s bound and around 14 % of population exceeds the EU bound value of 40 I?g/m3. Noise WHO guidelines limit noise degrees for residential countries to 55 dubnium ( A ) during the twenty-four hours and to 45 dubnium ( A ) during the dark ( WHO, 1999 ) . Conveyance is the most of import beginning of community noise across Europe. Approximately 30 % of the EU-15 population is exposed to degrees of route traffic noise of more than 55 dubnium ( A ) . In general, the WHO guidelines for noise are frequently exceeded in South East Europe on route with high traffic tonss ( UNECE/WHO Europe, 2009 ) . But noise is emanating non merely from the motion of conveyance vehicles but besides from the operations of ports, airdrome and rail paces. Break of communicating, damage of hearing, and bad sleep quality can be effects of noise. Continuous noise above 30 dubnium ( A ) and indoor noise above of 45dB ( A ) can impact sleep quality, cause weariness and reduced public presentation. Prolonged or inordinate exposure to resound ( e.g. 65-70 dubnium ( A ) ) can do lasting medical conditions such as high blood pressure ( Berglund et al. , 1999 ) . European Commission aims are to guarantee a high degree of wellness and environmental protection and at the same time to safeguard internal market for motor vehicles. To accomplish this Commission ‘s proposal foresees a entire decrease of 4 dubnium ( A ) for light vehicles and 3 dubnium ( A ) for heavy vehicles ( European Commission, 2011 ) . This measure will be introduced from 1 January 2015. Energy usage Motorized conveyance depends on fossil fuels, e.g. oil merchandises, which account for more than 98 % of the conveyance sector ‘s energy ingestion. Alternatively of fossil fuels, there are besides other prevailing options, such as biogas, H, electricity, and intercrossed vehicles. However, there is besides a strong trust on fossil fuels. As a consequence, GHG emanations from conveyance are closely tied to transport demand ( BRRT, 2007c, Woodcock et al. , 2007 ) . Since the terminal of 1990s, energy ingestion has been increasing across Europe. Coal is more competitory than the high gas monetary values. This tendency may go on if no extra policies and steps are implemented ( BRRT, 2007d ) . The ratio of addition from 1990-2000 is 2 % which is equal to 365 Mtoe ( million dozenss oil equivalent ) in 2000 ( some 35 % of all energy usage ) . As a effect, the more energy is consumed the more CO2 emanations from conveyance are produced. In add-on, energy ingestion per capita for conveyance is 2 or 4 times higher in Western Europe than in the other European parts ( UNECE/WHO Europe, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to International Energy Agency, conveyance sector consumed 42 % of the oil in 1973 and this portion climbed to 61.5 % in 2010. But in recent old ages oil monetary values have increased and this crated the demand to utilize more energy efficient manners. The two most energy efficient manners for freight transit are rail and maritime conveyance. Inland waterways besides provide an energy efficient method for transporting ladings. For illustration, a tow boat traveling a typical burden of 15 flatboats is tantamount to 225 railway cars or 870 truckloads ( Rodrigue et al, 2009 ) . Furthermore, oil militias are shriveling, costs of crude oil are increasing and the demand to cut down emanations of harmful pollutants is now more imperative. For this ground, the solution of alternate fuels in the signifier of non-crude oil resources is needed. The most prevailing options being consider are: Biogas such as ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and biodiesel can be produced from the agitation of nutrient harvests ( sugar cane, maize, cereals, etc. ) or wood-waste. Hydrogen which is produced by electrolysis of H2O or by pull outing it from hydrocarbon Electricity which is stored in a pure battery Hybrid vehicles dwelling of propulsion system utilizing an internal burning engine supplemented by an electric motor and batteries, which provides chances uniting the efficiency of electricity with the long drive scope of an internal burning engine. Monetary value of oil will surely go on to increase, as there are serious restrictions of non-fossil fuels in the transit sector. Climate alteration Climate alteration is already impacting human wellness, by doing new hazards and force per unit areas such as nutrient deficits and hungriness, change of H2O resources and harm to physical substructure ( peculiarly by low-lying rise and utmost conditions events such as inundations, heat moving ridges etc. ) . Harmonizing to UNECE C dioxide ( CO2 ) is non a pollutant but a nursery gas which contributes chiefly to planetary heating effects holding a prevailing portion of 55 % . ( OECD/ITF, 2008 ) and which is associated to climate alteration. As it is shown in Figure 12 conveyance sector ‘s portion of GHG emanations is about 30 % . Conventional engines besides produce other emanations such as methane ( CH4 ) , azotic oxide ( N2O ) , and ozone ( O3 ) which are besides responsible for the nursery phenomenon. How to cite Main Issues In Combined Freight Transportation Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Case Study about Strategic Management Plan Sea Water Theme Park

Question: From your analysis for Assignment 2, and feedback provided by your lecturer, identify and explain the reason for your selection of the primary markets that will be addressed in your 12 month Strategic Marketing Plan for your selected enterprise. S5. Positioning Strategy (550 words) identify the different product and experiences and explain how they are to be positioned to the identified target markets. S6. Strategic Action Plan (1500 words) taking 12 month perspective, identify and explain marketing strategies and innovative tactics to address marketing objectives (S3) for each of the target markets (S4). You should provide a timeline for each strategic initiative. Appendices you should attach any relevant data that supports your decisions as appendices Answers: 1. Executive summary This assignment takes into consideration detailed strategic action plan for Sea World Theme Park, Gold coast. The main mission of Sea World Theme Park, Goldcoast is to bring together people of all age groups, culture backgrounds to enjoy, relax rejuvenate in the international theme park. The main goal of Sea World Theme Park, Gold coast is to provide world class services to its users. The market segmentation for Sea World Theme Park, can be divided into three segments i.e. 15-24 year old, 25-34 year old and 35-54 year old. In order to position Sea World Theme Park, Goldcoast various promotional strategies need to be used such as word of mouth, advertising, well established website, contact the state tourism department sale of brochures. The service offered by Sea Water Theme Park will be positioned to provide the target audience with a premium amusement park experience entertainment experience for the same. But, at the same time the prices charged from the target audience will not be as premium as the experience would be. 2. Mission statement The main mission of Sea World Theme Park, Gold coast is to bring together people of all age groups, culture backgrounds to enjoy, relax rejuvenate in the international theme park. The sole purpose of the theme park is to create an atmosphere of fun excitement for the complete family along with various activities designed keeping in mind the senior citizens as well. 3. Goals objectives The goals of Sea World Theme Park, Gold coast is to provide world class services to its users. The goals would include: To help the local residents by providing them with job opportunities To attract foreign as well as local tourists To become the leading theme park all over the globe To provide the tourists wit unique and better leisure experience To use the skills by managing a theme park An increase in the market share A rise in the profit margins Increase in the market share To attract investors so as to make it a profitable enterprise Some of the objectives of Sea World Theme Park, Goldcoast would be as follows: To support economic development Foster human development Provide recreational experience to the tourists Take care of the safety security issues To strengthen the image of the community Promote health wellness Increase cultural unity Protection of the various environmental resources To facilitate community problem solving 4. Market segmentation The market segmentation for Sea World Theme Park, can be divided into three segments i.e. 15-24 year old, 25-34 year old and 35-54 year old. The market analyses for Sea World Theme Park for 1 year or on quarter basis have been depicted as follows: Positioning strategy: In order to position Sea World Theme Park, Goldcoast various promotional strategies need to be used. Some of the strategies have been listed as follows: Word of mouth advertising: The most basic a well-known form of advertising about a product or service is by using word of mouth advertising. In every business word of mouth advertising is referred to as ones best friend or worst enemy. Advertising: The use of various mediums of advertisements such as newspapers, bill boards, hoarding, announcements, form a website etc are some of the ways to advertise about the theme park. The main message shall be provided to the public i.e. a theme park for family recreation where fun and customer service is at its best. Contact the state tourism department: One of the major means of advertising would be by contacting the state tourism department of Gold coast. The state tourism department will use various means such as a campaign to boost the number of visitors. With the help of billion dollar advertising blitz, Gold coast tourism department will help the residents to know that a water theme park has been launched for recreational activities such as swimming, water rides, water roller coaster, etc (Portlandoregon.gov, 2015). Bill boards shall be placed all over the city with the message that our water theme park is the best in town a must do experience for any holiday in Gold coast. This will help the tourism of Gold coast to benefit the wider economy. Launch of various theme parks will make Gold coast a premier tourism destination in Australia (Rakos Dhanraj, 2005). Sale of Brochures: Sale of brochures informing the public regarding all the activities that takes place in the water theme park is included. Well established website: A well-established website shall be framed in order to inform the public at large. The main goal of the website would be to attract the tourists, an appeal to the children to come and have a fun filled day with their loved ones (Pearce, 2010). The website will also inform the tourists regarding the number of slides and water theme slides. Some of the rides which would be included in Sea Water Thee Park are Water Roller Coaster, a big swimming pool pertaining to different depths catering to childrens of all age groups. Strategic action plan: For phase 1 i.e. to start the Sea World Theme Park, Gold coast a startup table is constructed. The cost of construction mainly includes the gross loan and all the expenses which would be required to fund the theme park as a whole. While looking for funds, various investors would be looked upon. There are two types of investors who will take care of the funds for the construction of the water theme park. The investors are: Seed investor: Seed investor refers to the type of investor who does the seed funding is known as the management team of the theme park. The investment done by the same is not secure and carries higher loss of risk. Startup investor: On the other hand, startup investors are also known as secure investors. It is not necessarily that, they become a part of the management but they have the right to vote. There is no risk of loss which is associated with such type of investors. The startup funding for the entire Water Theme Park project has been listed as follows: The services offered by Sea World Theme Parks would be to provide its customers with a congenial environment where they can relax rejuvenate with their loved ones. It would be a theme park which will provide the customers with excitement, competition, activities round the year great food while forming ever lasting memories at reasonable prices (McClung, 1991). Though there is less competition in this field but in the coming years, the demand for the same will rise so will the profits. The main aim of this venture is to become a profitable proposition by providing the following activities such as; Indoor facilities Successful management team Activities for around the year A family oriented place Aggressive marketing Easy access Exposure for kids Incentive program Implementation of the strategy: The service offered by Sea Water Theme Park will be positioned to provide the target audience with a premium amusement park experience entertainment experience for the same. But, at the same time the prices charged from the target audience will not be as premium as the experience would be. Competitive Strategy: The premium location the experience will not let the competitors to survive in this industry for a long period of time. The main elements which would provide a competitive edge are as under: Unique design Unique amusement experience Greta food Family sports One of the best working environment Activities for different age groups Best games Do not compete with the direct competitor or tenant Rent out some retail space Repeat customers Produce maximum profits Marketing strategy: In order to attract more visitors in to the water theme park, various marketing strategies shall be used. Some of the marketing strategies which shall be used by Sea Water Theme Park, Gold coast are word of mouth advertising, state tourism department, bill boards, and flyers in the newspapers, well established website sale of brochures (Hu, 2013). The three main marketing strategies which shall be used by Sea Water Theme Park are: Advertising: The use of various mediums of advertisements such as newspapers, bill boards, hoarding, announcements, form a website are some of the ways to advertise about the theme park. The main message shall be provided to the public i.e. a theme park for family recreation where fun and customer service is at its best (Jones, 1927). Word of mouth advertising: The most basic a well-known form of advertising about a product or service is by using word of mouth advertising. In every business word of mouth advertising is referred to as ones best friend or worst enemy (Charles, 1999). Contact the state tourism department: One of the major means of advertising would be by contacting the state tourism department of Gold coast. The state tourism department will use various means such as a campaign to boost the number of visitors. With the help of billion dollar advertising blitz, Gold coast tourism department will help the residents to know that a water theme park has been launched for recreational activities such as swimming, water rides, water roller coaster, etc. Bill boards shall be placed all over the city with the message that our water theme park is the best in town a must do experience for any holiday in Gold coast. This will help the tourism of Gold coast to benefit the wider economy. Launch of various theme parks will make Gold coast a premier tourism destination in Australia (Bighead fasteners secure theme park ride, 2004). Pricing Strategy: The pricing strategies which shall be taken into consideration by Sea Water Theme Park are as follows. The water theme park will be open 6 days a week an off on Thursday. Management Team: A Managing Partner would be required to take charge of the different trades. A successful partner in the construction industry shall be hired who will full fill the range of executives level positions including project management, construction site, manufacturing, etc. The main responsibility of the same would be to develop implement the plan, take care of the safety measures, maintenance of the startup venture, etc (Coastergrotto.com, 2015). A Public Relation Officer (PRO) would be required to take care of the marketing, financials, advertising, distribution fulfillment of all the services. The main responsibility would be to design arts graphics (CNN, 2015). Senior Staff consultants shall be hired to review the companys business plans, floor layouts, building design followed by training of the officials. Its major responsibility would be to consult for inventory control, review profits financials (Haahti Yavas, 2004). A financial advisor shall be hired in order to take care of all the financials such as balance sheet, profit loss statement, investment capital and profit on sight. Others required to make this venture possible are a legal advisor, banking personnel, auditing services, insurance company planning and design services (Anon, 2015). Recommendations or Milestones: The main milestones in framing a strategic action plan have been referred to as follows; Purchase of the property for the theme park Prepare the drawings Loan for construction Approval of the drawing Required permits Site preparation Construction phase 1 Develop operational plan Hire required personnel Train the staff members Order inventory Plan a grand Opening of the theme park with various offers References Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.nps.gov/nebe/parkmgmt/upload/PSAP_final.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2015]. Bighead fasteners secure theme park ride. (2004).Reinforced Plastics, 48(2), p.21. Charles, M. (1999). Developing the Conference Theme and Tracks.Business Communication Quarterly, 62(4), pp.105-108. CNN, (2015).Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment Video News - CNN.com. [online] Available at: https://articles.cnn.com/2011-07- 01/living/ten.secrets.disney.mf_1_splash-mountain-disneyland-disneyspokesperson/3?_s=PM:LIVING [Accessed 16 Jan. 2015]. Coastergrotto.com, (2015).Theme Park Attendance. [online] Available at: https://www.coastergrotto.com/theme-park-attendance.jsp [Accessed 16 Jan. 2015]. Haahti, A. and Yavas, U. (2004). A multi attribute approach to understanding image of a theme park.European Business Review, 16(4), pp.390-397. Hu, G. (2013). A Research Review on Theme Park.BMR, 2(4). Jones, W. (1927). A Modernized Theme Plan.The English Journal, 16(6), p.460. McClung, G. (1991). Theme park selection.Tourism Management, 12(2), pp.132-140. Pearce, L. (2010).Business plans handbook. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale. Portlandoregon.gov, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.portlandoregon.gov/parks/article/418535 [Accessed 16 Jan. 2015]. Rakos, J. and Dhanraj, K. (2005).The practical guide to project management documentation. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Sandy, W. (1990). Link Your Business Plan to a Performance Plan.Journal of Business Strategy, 11(6), pp.4-8. Statements.qld.gov.au, (2015).New theme park campaign to supercharge Gold Coast tourism. [online] Available at: https://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2013/10/8/new-theme-park-campaign-to-supercharge-gold-coast-tourism [Accessed 16 Jan. 2015]. Theme Park Insider, (2015).Theme Park Insider. [online] Available at: https://www.themeparkinsider.com [Accessed 16 Jan. 2015]. Theme park. (2009).Choice Reviews Online, 47(03), pp.47-1488-47-1488. Universalorlandojobs.com, (2015).Universal Orlando Resort Careers - Apply Online. [online] Available at: https://www.universalorlandojobs.com [Accessed 16 Jan. 2015].

New Immigration And The Ethnicity Of America (1941 Essays

New Immigration And The Ethnicity Of America (1941 - 1990) Glossary Paper In 1945 immigration to the United States differed fairly dramatically from America's earlier 20th- and 19th-century immigration patterns, most notably in the dramatic rise in numbers of immigrants from Asia. Beginning in the late 19th century, the U.S. government took steps to bar immigration from Asia. The establishment of the national origins quota system in the 1924 Immigration Act narrowed the entryway for eastern and central Europeans, making western Europe the dominant source of immigrants. These policies shaped the racial and ethnic profile of the American population before 1945. Signs of change began to occur during and after World War II. The recruitment of temporary agricultural workers from Mexico led to an influx of Mexicans, and the repeal of Asian exclusion laws opened the door for Asian immigrants. Responding to complex international politics during the Cold War, the United States also formulated a series of refugee policies, admitting refugees from Europe, the we stern hemisphere, and later Southeast Asia. The movement of people to the United States increased drastically after 1965, when immigration reform ended the national origins quota system. The intricate and intriguing history of U.S. immigration after 1945 thus demonstrates how the United States related to a fast-changing world, its less restrictive immigration policies increasing the fluidity of the American population, with a substantial impact on American identity and domestic policy. The National Origins Quota System: The National Origins Act of 1924 was a component of the Immigration Act of 1924 that established a quota system for determining how many immigrants could enter the United States. 1924 Immigration Act : The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States. The Racial And Ethnic Profile Of America: Self-identified multiracialAmericans hey have identified as any combination of races (White, Black or AfricanAmerican, Asian,American Indianor Alaska Native, Nativ e Hawaiian or some otherrace ) and ethnicities . 571500216535 Taqeya Ali Saleh 20122062 Dr. Youssef Jamal AMST411 Taqeya Ali Saleh 20122062 Dr. Youssef Jamal AMST411

10 Ways to Render Sentences More Concise

10 Ways to Render Sentences More Concise 10 Ways to Render Sentences More Concise 10 Ways to Render Sentences More Concise By Mark Nichol This post details various strategies for reducing and simplifying sentences. 1. Sentence Combination Avoid consecutive sentences that end and begin, respectively, with the same word or phrase as occurs here: A common way to track the current state of systems is monitoring performance metrics. Performance metrics show how assets are performing at the transaction level. In such cases, replace the period between them with a comma and delete the second iteration of the word or phrase with which: â€Å"A common way to track the current state of systems is monitoring performance metrics, which show how assets are performing at the transaction level.† 2. Condensing by Subordination When a sentence includes two consecutive verb phrases, consider converting one to a subordinate clause. For example, note how the subject of this sentence is followed by two statements of fact: The renowned tea is a symbol of the city’s gracious hospitality and is often served in a glass to display its jade-green color. The first statement can easily be subsumed into the main clause as a parenthetical phrase: â€Å"The renowned tea, a symbol of the city’s gracious hospitality, is often served in a glass to display its jade-green color.† 3. Integration of Clauses Here, an introductory subordinate clause sets up an unnecessarily wordy sentence: For health care entities with similar classes of customers, they may be able to reduce the overall evaluation effort by applying the portfolio approach. The clause is easily integrated into the main clause by omitting for and treating â€Å"health care entities,† rather than they, as the sentence’s subject: â€Å"Health care entities with similar classes of customers may be able to reduce the overall evaluation effort by applying the portfolio approach.† 4. Denominalization Nominalization is the complication of prose by using nouns when employing the verb form of that noun, or revising the sentence to eliminate the need for a noun, produces more clear, concise prose; nouns, of course, are integral to prose but, especially in the case of formal nouns with such elements as -ation, they can be abused in the service of conveying authority. This sentence is not overly formal, but it is wordier than necessary: Furthermore, companies are taking backups of the production applications and storing them for indefinite periods. Denominalization- literally, â€Å"unnaming†- is simply a fancy way of saying â€Å"rephrasing to eliminate nouns.† Note that in this sentence, the noun backups can be converted to a verb, rendering the verb taking superfluous, and the final phrase can be condensed by transforming the adjective indefinite into an adverb, which enables deletion of the noun periods: â€Å"Furthermore, companies are backing up the production applications and storing them indefinitely.† The following sentence is an example of a statement with a double-decker nominalization: Management may find it beneficial to engage in a dialogue on a periodic basis regarding the organization’s policy. As in the previous example, one word easily replaces a phrase- â€Å"on a periodic basis† can be reduced to periodically: â€Å"Management may find it beneficial to periodically engage in a dialogue regarding the organization’s policy.† But further reduction is achieved by replacing the phrase â€Å"engage in a dialogue† with a synonymous word: â€Å"Management may find it beneficial to periodically discuss the organization’s policy.† 5. Employing Terms Rather Than Definitions One strategy to achieve conciseness is to avoid describing something by defining it; note the explanation in the following sentence: He was prone to making embarrassing mistakes in public. Here, the persons behavior can be described with a term that embodies the definition: â€Å"He was prone to committing faux pas.† 6. Deletion of Expletives The expletives â€Å"there is† and â€Å"there are† are poor substitutes for a strong subject; note how the following sentence gets off to a weak start: There are few, if any, finance and accounting departments that are not experiencing some form of extreme change. Expletives need not be excised in every case, but minimize their use by deleting such phrases in favor of the definite noun or noun phrase that follows (and delete the associated that that appears later in the sentence): â€Å"Few, if any, finance and accounting departments are not experiencing some form of extreme change.† 7. Avoiding Tautology Tautology is redundancy or repetition, such as shown here: Could you repeat that again? To repeat is to do something again, so this sentence is equivalent to â€Å"Could you say that again again?† Indicate the action one way or another: â€Å"Could you say that again?† or, more concisely, â€Å"Could you repeat that?† 8. Using Brief Modifiers When modifying a noun to provide more information about it, use a preceding adjective or phrasal adjective rather than an extended phrase following the noun. The following sentence demonstrates use of a verbose modifying phrase: She offered an explanation that was brief and to the point. This sentence can be tightened up by locating the description of the explanation before the noun: â€Å"She offered a brief, to-the-point explanation.† 9. Excising Single Words Sometimes, reducing a sentence by just one word improves it, as shown in the following examples: Rather than assessing all of the contracts, select a representative sample to assess. In the phrase â€Å"all of,† of is generally superfluous: â€Å"Rather than assessing all the contracts, select a representative sample to assess.† How is technology helping to change the way elderly people are cared for? In the phrase â€Å"helping to,† to is extraneous: How is technology helping change the way elderly people are cared for? That is the most annoying error I have ever seen, and also the most prevalent. Also, when it immediately follows and, is redundant: That is the most annoying error I have ever seen, and the most prevalent. 10. Avoiding Prolixity Refrain from florid, verbose descriptions. The following sentence is an extreme example of self-indulgent wordiness, but unless one is deliberately prolix in the service of humor, be vigilant about reining in excessively ornate prose: One might with the utmost confidence essay to prevail in a debate in which one asserts that possessing one’s own means of vehicular conveyance offers one greater flexibility than public transportation provides in the matter of travel to one’s place of learning or employment or to social occasions. Pare such overly complicated composition: â€Å"It’s easy to win an argument that having one’s own car makes it easier to get to school or work or to meet friends than if one uses public transportation.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives Disappointed + PrepositionCareful with Words Used as Noun and Verb

Amritsar Massacre, 1919

Amritsar Massacre, 1919 The European imperial powers committed many atrocities during their period of world domination.  However, the 1919 Amritsar Massacre in northern India, also known as the Jallianwala Massacre, surely ranks as one of the most senseless and egregious.   Background For more than sixty years, British officials in the Raj had viewed the people of India with mistrust, having been caught off-guard by the Indian Revolt of 1857. During World War I (1914-18), the majority of Indians supported the British in their war effort against Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.  Indeed, more than 1.3 million Indians served as soldiers or support staff during the war, and more than 43,000 died fighting for Britain. The British knew, however, that not all Indians were willing to support their colonial rulers.  In 1915, some of the most radical Indian nationalists took part in a plan called the Ghadar Mutiny, which called for soldiers in the British Indian Army to revolt in the midst of the Great War. The Ghadar Mutiny never happened, as the organization planning the revolt was infiltrated by British agents and the ring-leaders arrested. Nevertheless, it increased hostility and distrust among British officers toward the people of India. On March 10, 1919, the British passed a law called the Rowlatt Act, which only increased disaffection in India.  The Rowlatt Act authorized the government to imprison suspected revolutionaries for up to two years without a trial. People could be arrested without a warrant, had no right to confront their accusers or see the evidence against them, and lost the right to a jury trial.   It also placed strict controls on the press. The British immediately arrested two prominent political leaders in Amritsar who were affiliated with Mohandas Gandhi; the men disappeared into the prison system. Over the following month, violent street scuffles broke out between Europeans and Indians in the streets of Amritsar.  The local military commander, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, issued orders that Indian men had to crawl on hands and knees along the public street, and could be publicly lashed for approaching British police officers. On April 13, the British government banned gatherings of more than four people. Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh On the very afternoon that freedom of assembly was retracted, April 13, thousands of Indians gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh gardens in Amritsar.  Sources say that as many as 15,000 to 20,000 people packed into the small space. General Dyer, certain that the Indians were beginning an insurrection, led a group of sixty-five Gurkhas and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers from Iran through the narrow passages of the public garden. Fortunately, the two armored cars with machine guns mounted on top were too wide to fit through the passageway and remained outside. The soldiers blocked all of the exits.  Without issuing any warning, they opened fire, aiming for the most crowded parts of the throng. People screamed and ran for the exits, trampling one another in their terror, only to find each way blocked by soldiers. Dozens jumped into a deep well in the garden to escape the gunfire, and drowned or were crushed instead. The authorities imposed a curfew on the city, preventing families from aiding the wounded or finding their dead all night. As a result, many of the injured likely bled to death in the garden. The shooting went on for ten minutes; more than 1,600 shell casings were recovered.  Dyer only ordered a ceasefire when the troops ran out of ammunition. Officially, the British reported that 379 people were killed; its likely that the actual toll was closer to 1,000.   Reaction The colonial government tried to suppress news of the massacre both within India and in Britain.   Slowly, however, word of the horror got out.  Within India, ordinary people became politicized, and nationalists lost all hope that the British government would deal with them in good faith, despite Indias massive contribution to the recent war efforts.   In Britain, the general public and the House of Commons reacted with outrage and disgust to news of the massacre. General Dyer was called to give testimony about the incident.  He testified that he surrounded the protestors and did not give any warning before giving the order to fire because he did not seek to disperse the crowd, but to punish the people of India generally. He also stated that he would have used the machine guns to kill many more people, had he been able to get them into the garden.   Even Winston Churchill, no great fan of the Indian people, decried this monstrous event. He called it an extraordinary event, a monstrous event. General Dyer was relieved of his command on grounds of mistaking his duty, but he was never prosecuted for the murders.  The British government has yet to formally apologize for the incident.   Some historians, such as Alfred Draper, believe that the Amritsar Massacre was key in bringing down the British Raj in India.  Most believe that Indian independence was inevitable by that point, but that the callous brutality of the massacre made the struggle that much more bitter. Sources Collett, Nigel.   The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer, London: Continuum, 2006. Lloyd, Nick. The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day, London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. Sayer, Derek. British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920, Past Present, No. 131 (May 1991), pp. 130-164.

Impact of implementing CRM systems in establishing customer loyalty Research Proposal

Impact of implementing CRM systems in establishing customer loyalty - Research Proposal Example The intention of this study is Customer Relationship Management (CRM) as the efficient communication between customers and a company at every contact point. Whether this communication is done by phone, website or e-mail, the important thing is that the customer counts on getting an experience from doing business with the company. CRM systems are there to ensure a good customer experience. It is a vast system of information on a database of customers and their buying habits, e-mail address, residential address, personal information such as birthday and so on. This information is then retrievable by any department that needs it to better the company. Customer Relationship Management is a new innovation in customer service today. CRM helps the customer service staff and management to cope with customer issues and concerns. CRM entails gathering a great deal of data about the customer. The data is then used in facilitating customer service transactions by availing the information needed to resolve the concern or issue to those dealing with the customers. In the end there are more satisfied customers, more resources available to the support staff and a more profitable business. Top management can use CRM systems in making adjustments to one of the products sold or deciding whether one of the products on the shelves will be scrapped altogether. CRM systems generate reports that are also invaluable to the company’s marketing and advertising planners, as they will be able to identify which ideas work and which do not.

Utopia in leadership and education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Utopia in leadership and education - Essay Example We have all heard of words like quixotic, idealistic, imaginative etc. and Utopia refers to all such words. Utopia therefore is about an imaginary, ideal civilization or sciety. It could exist as a city or even a world. Generally such a Utopia is more of a figment of imagination and does not really exist but it is something that is desired and may be regarded as possible in the future. So utopianism is about human efforts to create a better or perhaps perfect society. Fater on Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also dwelled on the idea of Utopia and Utopianism. Plato gave his own idea of Plato's Republic, a perfect version of The Republic where ideals like equality prevail and perils like poverty and misery fail to exist. However, later certain elements in civilised societies like United States and Europe also worked to make religious and political Utopian scieties. Today the Utopia is something that ideally most people would like to see but hard to find in the real world.Organiza tion can be seen as an attempt to create Utopia. As the word suggest, organization means a society, business or group working set up to achieve certain goals in an ordered and structured fashion. Most organizations in today's world also aspire to achieve perfect work environment so that all members of society including the organization can reap benefits. In order to establish a utopian or a perfect organization the role of leadership becomes critical. The leadership qualities can play an important part in a perfect view of the firm. The leaders need to have certain qualities in order to nurture a perfect organization. Leadership breeds leadership: The task for the leadership is generally to provide its employees overall direction in order to effectively tap their true potential. In the absence of a proper direction the organizational culture may become counter productive. Providing direction in any way does not mean that managers can stifle the creativity and drive of their employees rather effective leadership allows others to inculcate in themselves superior leadership qualities and understanding of the organization and management process so that they them self can figure out the directions and actions which are needed to establish and flourish a Utopian organization. "The prime advantages of building leadership talent, besides eliminating the disadvantages of going outside, are twofold. First, the organization gets to groom the next generation in line with its culture and strategic agenda. Second, the organization has greater control over the supply of leaders with the requisite skills, making strategic implementation faster" (Pernick, 2001). Character & Integrity: These two factors spring to mind when a role of leader is defined in a Utopian or Non-Utopian organization. Especially when we talk about Utopian organizations that strive for excellence then their leaders should command excellence. In order to accomplish excellence a leader must first be a person of good character. Many thinkers and proponents of Utopianism argue that much of a person's character is formed early in life and that also brings the role of education which will be discussed later in the paper. A person with strong character shows drive, vigor, strength of mind, self-control, resolve, and courage, the traits essential for effective leadership. Dreamers & Visionaries: A leader of a Utopian organization needs to be a dreamer and an idealist. There are many worldly examples where our famous leaders have dreamt

The Challenger Address Essay Example for Free

The Challenger Address Essay Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th United States President after winning against the Democratic Challenger Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. Reagan won by attaining 50. 7% of the popular votes in that particular election. It can be said that the beginning of his term was not that pleasing. On his first year of term, he fired 11,345 air traffic controllers who, according to him violated the regulation of the government that prohibits unions from striking. Also, it had been said that unemployment in the United States increases to 10. 8%, which is greater than any time since the great depression during his first year in position. However, this percentage dropped during the rest of his presidency. It can also be said that after his first term, Reagan gained the respect and trust of the American people by being nominated for the second time as the president of the United States on the 1985 presidential election in which he was elected by landslide, having unprecedented number of votes. It was also said that during his years of presidency, restoration of prosperity was viewed by the people as well as global peace. It was also in the year 1986 that the income tax code was revised by Reagan wherein millions of people with low income were exempted. The year 1986 is not just a year of development in terms of social conditions in the United States; it was also a time wherein space exploration was greatly admired. By that time there had been several developments and expeditions that can be considered successful. Thus, the people especially Americans were very enthusiast to explore and to achieve greater heights in terms of space travel and exploration. However, this year was also a tragic time for the space exploration era when the Space Shuttle Challenger explodes a short while after lifting off, leaving none of the seven crews alive on January 28, 1986. The public was shocked at what they witnessed. Also, by that time, President Reagan was planning to deliver a speech to the American people but was compelled by the tragedy of the Challenger. Thus, President Reagan delivered a speech concerning the accident rather than the one that he intended to deliver to the people. This speech was well known as the â€Å"Challenger Address†. The accident had a great impact in the American people. The main reason was stated by the president himself in his â€Å"Challenger Addressed†. There had been a history in space exploration wherein lives were lost, three of them. The accident happened around 19 years before the Challenger tragedy. Although there had been cases of death regarding space exploration, the fact that the tragedy happen in mid air shocked the Americans and the whole world as well. There had never been any accident regarding space exploration that happened a few seconds after the shuttle’s takeoff. Two interpretations can be given why the speech of President Reagan was known as the â€Å"Challenger Addressed†. The first is, it was given that title since the shuttle was named Challenger. However, looking at the contents of the â€Å"Challenger Addressed†, it can be said the word Challenger does not refer to the name of the shuttle but rather to the contents and message of the speech. The president is challenging the nation to continue their search and to never lose heart in space exploration because of the Challenger accident. There had been several components of the speech that makes it effective and appealing to the American people. The very first part of the speech that Reagan used to encourage the people to pursue space explorations was by calling the astronauts heroes, Reagan stated, â€Å"We mourn seven heroes† (Reagan, 1986). He also states that the astronauts were well aware of the dangers that they must face but have overcome it. The president also showed his sympathy with the people especially the family of the astronauts. In order to gain the sympathy and heart of the people, they must know that you are one with them, in spirit and emotions. President Reagan expressed his anguish and mourned not only with the families of the astronauts but with the whole nation as well. At the beginning of his speech, President Reagan sympathized and mourned with the nation in order to appeal to them. However, his tone was developed in the succeeding paragraphs, from appealing to encouraging. He did this by saying, â€Å"The future doesn’t belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave† (Reagan. 1986). These statements surely challenged the people at that time. The impact of the tragedy was reduced in an instant. The president also stated his desire to talk to the people of NASA and to tell and show them that their efforts are well appreciated as well as their sacrifices and bravery and encourage them to pursue their search despite the Challenger accident. Another part of the â€Å"Challenge Address† was the story of Sir Francis Drake, a great explorer who lived by the sea and died on it. President Reagan uses parallelism to connect the present situation into another situation in the past. Thus, those who died in the tragedy are compared to and are paralleled with Drake that creates a good impression for the seven crews of the Challenger. Just as Drake was considered a great man, they too are considered heroes and great explorers. President Reagan ends his speech by saying that the memories of the seven crews will never be forgotten. Thus, showing that they are valued as well as their sacrifices and hard work will never be in vain. This was also important in order to encourage the youth in pursuing to be an astronaut because of the fear that was established by the Challenger accident. It is important to know that your hard work is acknowledge by the society in general in order to be motivated and to pursue a certain career. One of the main factors why the speech was effective was the image, personality and credibility of the speaker. Being the president that time, people will surely listen to what the Reagan has to say. However, in terms of astronomical knowledge and the risk and sacrifices needed on being an astronaut, he cannot be considered a pro. There will surely be different sides of the address; it may either encourage the audience while others may see that the President was in no position to make such address. In every issue, there is always a positive and as well a negative aspect. However, it can be said that President Reagan was able to really challenge the people to search for greater achievements in terms of space exploration and taking the Challenger tragedy as a part of reaching greater knowledge and understanding of the universe, that every quest has its own risk as well as sacrifices that has to be overcome to really success in that particular area. The occasion or the time in which a speech was delivered was also a very important factor for a speech to be effective. The â€Å"Challenger Speech† will not have the same impact if it was delivered without such event, the Challenger tragedy, happening. Thus, the situation or the tragedy is a very big factor why the address made by President Reagan caught the attention of many people by that time and as well as the attention and interest of the people in the contemporary time. There are a lot of things that has to be considered in order to make an effective speech of which four components are primary; the speaker, the audience, the occasion and of course, the speech itself. It can be said that the â€Å"Challenger Address† by former President Reagan is effective because these components had been addressed properly. The speaker is credible enough for the people to listen to what he has to say as well as the occasion needed to gain the attention and interest of the audience. Of course, the audiences were concerned about the situation because of the impact of the tragedy. And of course, the speech itself was well made, something that is expected for a United States President. References Michigan State University Libraries. (No Date). Space exploration. Retrieved January 30, 2008 from http://www. lib. msu. edu/publ_ser/docs/displays/Displaymarch03. html. Reagan, R. (1986). The space shuttle ‘challenger’ tragedy address. Retrieved January 30, 2008 from http://www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/ronaldreaganchallenger. htm. The White House. (No Date). President Ronald Reagan 1911-2004. Retrieved January 30, 2008 from http://www. whitehouse. gov/history/presidents/rr40. html.

Father And Son :: essays papers

Father And Son As related to Absalom and Achitophel Absalom and Achitophel begins in the world of Old Testament history. The vague biblical past of the opening lines lets the narrative to be set from 2 Samuel in a wide historical frame that hopes to legitimize the king's promiscuity by associating the king as father of the land: In pious times, e'r priestcraft did begin, Before polygamy was made a sin; When one man on many multiplied his kind, Ere one to one was cursedly confined; When nature prompted and no law denied Promiscuous use of concubine and bride; Then Israel's monarch after Heaven's own heart, His vigorous warmth did variously impart To wives and slaves; and, wide as his command, Scattered his Maker's image through the land. (l. 1-10) The association between God and David is made through the clever comparison of divine and human fertility. There is some irony in seeing God's abundant creation reflected in the king's sexual extravagances, but the irony doesn't reduce the status of the king. It serves, at the beginning of the poem, to separate the person of the king from the office of the king. The opening scenes emphasize David as an indulgent father, not as head of the country. David's pleasure in Absalom parallels God's attitude toward Adam in the Garden. All of Absalom's motions are accompanied with grace, And paradise was opened in his face. With secret joy indulgent David viewed His youthful image in his son renewed: To all his wishes nothing he denied; And made the charming Annabel his bride. (l. 29-34) The easy going nature of Absalom, put together with the specific reference to paradise, help establish him as the figure from Eden that will be seen again in the temptation. The characterization of David emphasizes a combination of divine and human paternity. Like God, David takes great joy in his creation; like God, he supplies Absalom with a worthwhile bride. This serious presentation of David in his fatherly joy and indulgence, as compared to the divine model, cannot be taken as criticism of the king. It strengthens the casual relationship between God and David established at the opening of the poem. When attention is called to indulgence or weakness in David's character, it is in a context that shows David's indulgence to be a reflection of his paternal, rather than kingly, capacity: What faults he had (for whom from faults if free?) His father could not, or he would not see. (l. 35-36) The emphasis is on David's paternal indulgence. The initial presentation of David and Absalom closes with a declaration of the calm of David's

Brand Naming: Kraft Foods’ ‘Isnack 2.O’ Controversy in Australia

Australia; Consumer packaged goods Abstract: This case is about Kraft Foods Inc's decision to launch a breakfast spread with the name ‘iSnack 2. 0' in Australia, and the controversy that followed which forced the company to withdraw the brand name. The company had decided to give the name ‘iSnack 2. 0' to a new version of the Australian food icon – Vegemite – in September 2009. While the company felt that the name it had arrived at after conducting an on-line brand naming contest would appeal to the generation Y segment who were using popular products such as the iPod and the iPhone, the target segment rejected the name outright and there was a huge backlash against the company. Marketing and branding experts were divided in their reactions to Kraft's branding exercise. While some experts felt that this was a genuine misjudgment on the part of the company, others felt that it was a clever marketing ploy to raise awareness about its new product. While the debate on this issue raged on, experts were almost unanimous in their view that this episode would not only be remembered as a horrible example in the history of branding, but would also serve as a valuable lesson in branding strategy for all marketers. The case will help students to: (1) understand the issues and challenges in naming a brand (new brand, brand extension, rebranding); (2) analyze the effectiveness of crowd sourcing in branding decisions; (3) appreciate the importance of marketing research in branding decisions; (4) analyze the pros and cons of using social media as a marketing tool to generate publicity for a product; (5) understand why the target segment rejected the brand name ‘iSnack 2. ‘ for the brand extension of the iconic Vegemite brand; (6) discuss and debate whether Kraft's decision was a deliberate attempt to create controversy to create awareness for its new product and the related ethical issues; and (7) explore ways in which Kraft could have made the branding campaign more effective and also explore branding strategies that Kraft's marketing team can adopt in the future. This case is meant for MBA / MS students as part of the brand management / consumer behavior/ marketing communications curriculum. The teaching note includes the abstract, teaching objectives and methodology, assignment questions, feedback of the case discussion, and additional readings and references. It does not contain an analysis of the case.

Measure of Dispersion

The measure of dispersion that most accurately depicts inventory data is standard deviation. When you look at measuring dispersion you are looking to see how the entire spread of data actually measures to each other. Standard deviation presents how much the data will deviate from the normal number. Also what this will show are not just tendencies for a year’s worth of data but this can be analyzed effectively to look at certain month’s inventory numbers. If a trend is able to be developed then all that will have to be done is a minor tweak to get next year’s perdition. It also allows for a simple calculation of a percentage above the norm. This will also show the highs and lows in a very simple form so that you can compare them with last years highs and lows. The mean most accurately depicts the inventory data that is being presented. When you look at the mean you are looking at an average and you are then able to see what a good place to start for future inventory numbers may be. This would also depict what a norm might be for your company if you look at the last 5 years and compare it to the last year. Also if you take the median you are looking at the middle of the number set but you are not accurately depicting the high and low numbers that are within the number set and the raw data. I think that also the inventory number can be anything when you are looking at the mode it all depends on what number may have happened twice or if no repetition in the middle. Inventory management systems are a critical aspect of businesses. Monitoring inventory levels are important for generating revenue and profits. Inventory Management Systems are used to track and monitor inventory levels and are often tracked with modern software systems. Many organizations find it important to maintain an efficient inventory management system to help generate revenue and profit. Even though most Inventory Systems are similar, each company modifies their system to fit the needs of the company in order to be successful. Management needs to have the ability to create, read and decipher frequency distributions, locate the mean, median and mode and show a normal distribution Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 350,000 just like it! get better grades of raw data collected. The University of Phoenix would also need to be able to compute this raw data into grouped data in order to report distributions and a standard deviation. The executive management team would present this data of the inventory system in order to allow for forecasting, improving customer retention, satisfaction, along with profitability and expenses. The inventory system would gather raw data from multiple inquiries, program frequency, number of student inquiries, and how many students enrolled and into which programs and finally how many graduates there are. The following table shows the mean, median and mode of the Summer Historical Data for the actual demands in units (units being the students). The accompanying presentation provides this data that was used from the Summer Historical data series and shows raw data showing frequency distribution, forecasting for the following year, averages and most frequent numbers, the normal distribution with a symmetrical bell curve.